Diabetes Diagnosis and Symptoms

Diabetes mellitus (or simply diabetes) is a chronic condition that arises from impaired glucose metabolism in the body. This condition is characterized by elevated blood sugar levels (hyperglycemia) due to insufficient production of the hormone insulin or improper insulin utilization.

Symptoms and Types of Diabetes

There are three main forms of diabetes:

1. Type 1 Diabetes (insulin-dependent).
2. Type 2 Diabetes.
3. Gestational Diabetes during pregnancy.

Unlike Type 1 diabetes, the exact causes of which remain unclear, Type 2 diabetes can often be prevented by maintaining a healthy lifestyle with balanced nutrition and physical activity. Gestational diabetes may develop during pregnancy.

There is also a condition known as prediabetes. It is characterized by elevated blood glucose levels, but not high enough to establish a diabetes diagnosis. If alarming symptoms appear, it is recommended to see a doctor for guidance on further actions. Individuals with high blood sugar levels should adopt a healthy lifestyle, eat a balanced diet, and avoid bad habits—this can help prevent the onset of diabetes in the future.

Diabetes can manifest with various symptoms, depending on its type and severity.

Key Symptoms of Diabetes:

• Constant Thirst (Polydipsia): A person experiences intense and unquenchable thirst.
• Frequent Urination (Polyuria): Increased urine production occurs as a result of high blood glucose levels that are not properly absorbed by the body.
• Persistent Hunger (Polyphagia): Even after eating, a person may feel hungry due to insufficient glucose reaching the cells.
• Weakness and Fatigue: The energy deficit caused by inadequate glucose absorption leads to constant fatigue.
• Weight Loss: Despite an increased appetite, a person may lose weight, especially with Type 1 diabetes.
• Blurred Vision: High blood sugar levels can affect the eyes, leading to vision problems.
• Slow Healing of Wounds: Cuts and wounds heal significantly slower than usual.
• Frequent Infections: Particularly common are urinary tract infections and skin infections.

Diabetes Diagnosis

Several methods are used to diagnose diabetes:

1. Fasting Blood Sugar Test: If fasting blood sugar levels exceed 7.0 mmol/L, this may indicate diabetes.
2. Oral Glucose Tolerance Test (OGTT): After consuming a special glucose solution, blood sugar levels are measured after 2 hours. A reading above 11.1 mmol/L indicates diabetes.
3. Glycated Hemoglobin (HbA1c): This test shows the average blood glucose level over the past 2-3 months.
4. Urine Glucose Test: The presence of glucose in the urine may indicate high blood glucose levels, although this test is less accurate.

Why Can’t Diabetes Be Cured?

Diabetes can develop at any age. Contributing factors include excess weight, a sedentary lifestyle, previous illnesses, and other influences. As a result, the pancreas may not produce enough insulin, or the body may not use insulin effectively.

Unfortunately, this condition cannot be fully cured and remains a lifelong challenge for patients. However, early detection, treatment, and guidance from a qualified physician can improve quality of life and help maintain normal blood sugar levels.

Diabetes is a serious condition that requires timely diagnosis and ongoing monitoring. Understanding its main symptoms and undergoing regular diagnostic tests can help prevent complications and significantly impact patients’ quality of life.

Popular Medications for Diabetes Treatment

Managing diabetes often involves a combination of lifestyle changes and medication. There are several commonly prescribed medications that help regulate blood sugar levels and improve insulin sensitivity. Some of the popular options include:

• Metformin: A first-line oral medication used to lower blood sugar by reducing glucose production in the liver and improving insulin sensitivity.
• Sulfonylureas (e.g., Glipizide, Glyburide): These drugs stimulate the pancreas to produce more insulin.
• DPP-4 Inhibitors (e.g., Sitagliptin, Saxagliptin): They work by increasing insulin production and decreasing glucose levels after meals.
• SGLT-2 Inhibitors (e.g., Canagliflozin, Dapagliflozin): These medications reduce glucose reabsorption in the kidneys, leading to glucose excretion through urine.
• GLP-1 Receptor Agonists (e.g., Rybelsus (Semaglutide)): Rybelsus is a newer oral medication that mimics the action of the GLP-1 hormone, helping to regulate blood sugar levels, reduce appetite, and promote weight loss. It’s particularly effective for Type 2 diabetes management and is taken once daily.

The choice of medication depends on the type of diabetes, individual health factors, and treatment goals, so it’s crucial to consult with a healthcare provider for the best personalized approach.